Deformities of the vagina
Author: khurram akhtar
which may be felt above the symphysis pubis. If the uterus is not distended, it may be felt as a hard structure perched on top of the cystic swelling. Retention of urine may occur owing to the bladder being pushed upwards with the uterus, thus elongating the urethra. Enquiry will often show that the patient has had abdominal discomfort each month, although no external loss has occurred. Later, if the uterus or tubes are becoming dis- tended, or if there is peritonitis, pain may b~ severe. The diagnosis is obvious on inspection of the vulva, when the bulging occluding membrane is seen, with a purple colour if it is thin. Rectal examination reveals a large, 'I tense, cylindrical swelling filling the pelvis. ,;
In newborn infants similar distension of the vagina, and sometimes of I the uterus and tubes, occurs with mucoid fluid secreted by the cervix (hydrocolpos). A large abdominal mass is found, with a bulging membrane and urinary retention. Careful examination of the anal canal and urinary tract is most important, as there may be other congenital abnormalities.
In the rarer cases in which the atresia is at a higher level, the diagnosis is
not so obvious. There is less distension of the vagina, and attac abdominal pain may be the most prominent feature.
Obstruction may affect one-half of a double uterus and vagina and rise to a tumour which may cause considerable difficulty in diagn since the patient menstruates regularly from the other half of the ge tract. Laparotomy may be needed to reveal the complete picture.
Treatment
The treatment of haematocolpos or hydrocolpos is simple. All that necessary is to establish drainage. This is best done by excising the m brane; although simple incision will suffice immediately, stenosis occur later and dyspareunia result. The risk of infection is considera and surgical technique must be meticulous. A vaginal examination sho not be made when the membrane is excised. The contents may be aspira with a vacuum extractor but should not be 'mopped out' with sw which could easily introduce infection. Antibiotic treatment should started 24 hours before the operation and continued for 5 days afterw
If the stenosis is at the level of the cervix, it may be possible to open the canal by dissection from below. If the vagina is absent, an artifi vagina may be constructed (see below).
The remote prognosis in cases of haematocolpos is satisfactory if distension is confmed to the vagina. If the uterus and tubes are disten some patients become sterile as a result of sealing of the fimbrial en the tubes.
Absent vagina In cases with complete absence of the vagina it is unusual to find a func ing uterus. There is often a shallow depression at the site of the no vaginal orifice. If the patient wishes to marry, or if the abnormality is discovered after attempts at intercourse, then an operation to fo cavity in the position of the vagina may be performed.
Williams' operation is a simple procedure in which the edges of posterior parts of the labia majora are sutured together in the midI form a perineal pouch. The artificial pouch runs in a more horiz direction than the normal vagina, but results of the operation are 0
good.
A more extensive operation is that of McIndoe, in which a sp dissected in the fascial space between the rectum behind and the bl and urethra in front. This cavity must be lined with skin or it will contract down. A split skin graft (Thiersch graft) is cut from the thigh wrapped round a mould of compressed plastic foam. The graft is ap . to the mould so that the basal active surface of the skin graft is dir outwards to come into close contact with the walls of the cavity. mould is held in place with a few stitches at the introitus, and fiU worn until the whole surface of the cavity is covered with living skin. foam expands to give gentle pressure until the graft has taken.
Yet another operation that is occasionally performed is that of Bald '
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About the Author
khurram akhtar
http://urshealth.com
which of the following is the type of epithelium that lines the urinary tract?
transitional, squamous, columnar, strarified
Transitional, as transitional cells are the ones that expand and contract (like when your bladder gets full). Simple squamous lines the lungs (yum!) and stratified squamous lines the orifices of the boyd (mouth, rectum, vagina). I think columnar is just something that simple and stratified can be.
Honey and its miracles?
Honey is a remarkable viscous liquid, prepared by the bees from the nectars of various plants. It has occupied a prominent place in traditional medicines throughout world history. The ancient Egyptians, Assyrians, Chinese, Greeks and Romans employed honey for wounds and diseases of the gut. When the Children of Israel were in Egypt or journeying through the desert, their promised goal was a ‘land flowing with milk and honey’.
Both the holy Qur’an and Hadith refer to honey as a healer of disease.
‘And thy Lord taught the bee to build its cells in hills, on trees and in (men’s) habitations….. there issues from within their bodies a drink of varying colours, wherein is healing for mankind. Verily in this is a Sign for those who give thought’.
(Translation of Quran 16:68-69)
In addition, the Prophet (PBUH) said:
‘Honey is a remedy for every illness and the Qur’an is a remedy for all illness of the mind, therefore I recommend to you both remedies, the Qur’an and honey.’
(Bukhari)
In recent years, scientific support is beginning to emerge confirming the beneficial effects of honey on certain medical and surgical conditions. These effects may be summarised as follows:
Antibacterial and antifungal properties
These properties of honey are well established. Undiluted honey inhibits the growth of bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, certain gut pathogens and fungi such as Candida albicans. At a concentration of 30-50%, honey has been shown to be superior to certain conventional antibiotics in treating urinary tract infections. The exact mechanism of the anti-microbial effect of honey remains obscure. Low pH, osmotic disruption of pathogens and the
presence of bactericidal substances, collectively called inhibine may all play a part.
Anti-diarrhoeal properties
At a concentration of 40%, honey has a bactericidal effect on various gut bacteria known to cause diarrhoea and dysentery such as Salmonella, Shigella, enteropathogenic E. coli and Vibrio cholera. In one study, honey given with oral rehydration fluid was shown to reduce the duration of bacterial diarrhoea in infants and children.
Wound-healing and anti-inflammatory properties
Honey is of value in treating burns, infected surgical wounds and decubitus ulcers. Honey is very viscous, enabling it to absorb water from surrounding inflamed tissue. For example, a study in West Africa showed that skin grafting, surgical debridement and even amputation were avoided when local application of honey to wound promoted healing, whereas conventional treatment failed.
In another study, wound healing was accelerated by application of honey in women who had undergone radical vulvectomy for vulval cancer. Also, it has been suggested that honey may be useful in the treatment of chronic, foul smelling ulcers seen in leprosy.
Anti-tussive and expectorant properties
These anti-cough properties of honey are related to its capacity to dilute bronchial secretions and improve the function of the bronchial epithelium.
Nutritional properties
Uncontaminated honey is a healthy, easily digestible, natural and energy rich food. It contains carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, enzymes and vitamins. One tablespoon of honey provides 60 calories and contains 11g of carbohydrates, 1mg of calcium, 0.2mg of iron, 0.lmg of vitamin B and 1mg of vitamin C.
Honey is widely available in most communities but its medical potential remains grossly underutilised. Its mode of action remains incompletely understood and the healing properties of honey in other clinical and laboratory situations requires further evaluation. The miraculous beneficial properties of honey, so beautifully ex-pressed in the holy Qur’an and Sunnah 14 centuries ago expose the reluctance of modern science to accept and exploit this ‘traditional remedy’.
Jazak Allah Kheir
Thank you for the information on this remarkable and sweet gift from Allah…
Your such a honey for sharing!so sweet of you!
I’m trying to give an example of transitional epithelium tissue and homeostatic imbalance?
I was thinking a urinary tract infection would be an example….I dont know am i on the right track? please help and how is it homeostaic imbalace?
Example of transitional epithelium: Wall of the urinary bladder.
Homeostatic imbalance:
Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a constant, stable internal environment that is optimum for our body’s metabolism. Infections that are caused by say, bacteria are definitely not examples of homeostatic imbalance. But maybe you’re thinking of something else that causes the infection?
Homeostasis is normally maintained by negative feedback. Simply put, if something is in excess, the body’s mechanism will try to reduce it back within a specific physiological range.
When blood glucose level is high, insulin will induce intake of glucose by cells, production of glycogen, etc. to reduce the glucose level back to normal. The regulation of body temperature is also another good example.
Somebody help, this is emergency, i need the answers by tonight, the test tomorow. very appreciate !?
True/false
¬¬_____32. Epithelial tissue is moderately vascular, which results in very little blood loss when cuts occur
_____33. Epithelial tissue is characterized by large amounts of intercellular matrix and few cells.
_____34. Transitional epithelium is unique in that it is composed of differing cell shapes in a stratified, or layer, epithelial sheet
_____35. Stratified transitional epithelium, such as is found in the urinary bladder, allows for distention.
_____36. Loose connective tissue is also called the areolar tissue.
_____37. Mucous membranes are important because they lubricate and protect passageways.
_____38. Adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue.
_____39. Striated muscle tissue can be voluntarily and involuntarily controlled.
_____40. Tendons have more elastic fibers than do ligaments.
Matching:
a. Simple squamos
b. Simple cuboidal
c. Simple columnar
d. Pseudostratified columnar
e. Stratified squamos
f. Stratified cuboidal
g. Stratified columnar
h. Transitional
______41. Single layer of cube-shaped cells
______42. Multiple layers of cells with flat cells at the outer surface
______43. Single layer of cells; some are tall and thin and reach the free surface and others dono
______44. Layers of cells that appear cube-like when an organ is relaxed, and flattened when the organ is distended by fluid
______45. Single layer of flat, scale-like cells
______46. Single layer of tall, thin cells; modification may appear goblet-shaped
Matching:
a. Cardiac muscle
b. Skeletal muscle
c. Smooth muscle
¬¬¬¬______47. thread-like, striated, voluntary cells
______48. nonstriated, involuntary, narrow fibers with only one nucleus per fiber
______49. striated, branching involuntary cells with intercalated disks
______50. responsible for voluntary body movement
______51. type of muscle that makes up the heart wall
______52. forms a layer around hollow body organs
Matching:
a. Endoderm
b. Ectoderm
c. Mesoderm
¬¬¬______53. the brain
______54. the lining of the GI tract
______55. the glandular epithelium of the thyroid
______56. the dermis of the skin
______57. the spinal cord
______58. the kidneys
______59. the lining of the urinary tract
______60. the epidermis of the skin